Stress is a normal part of life, but people differ greatly in how they respond to it. While some develop long-term psychological problems after stressful experiences, others remain resilient and recover quickly. Understanding the origins of these differences is a central goal of modern neuroscience and is highly relevant for the prevention and treatment of mental disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.
The aim of this project, which was carried out together with doctoral researchers, was to decipher the mechanisms in the brain that enable resilience to stress. We focused on specific neural circuits involved in reward, motivation and social interactions - systems that are known to be strongly affected by stress. To investigate these processes in detail, we used mouse models that allowed us to systematically analyze behavior under controlled conditions.
Our research combined several modern methods. Using fiber photometry, we measured the activity of brain signals in real time while the animals were engaged in social situations. Particular emphasis was placed on the messenger substance dopamine, which plays a central role in how the brain evaluates experiences and adapts behavior. In addition, we used optogenetics, a technique that allows specific neural circuits to be selectively activated or inhibited. This enabled us to directly examine whether particular connections in the brain promote or impair resilience.
An important aspect of our work is the differentiation of distinct response patterns to stress. Resilience is not understood merely as the absence of symptoms. Rather, we investigated how individuals differ in their ability to learn from stressful experiences, to distinguish between threat and safety, and to flexibly adapt their behavior. This approach makes it possible to identify both risk factors and active protective mechanisms.
We also examined whether and how resilience can be deliberately strengthened. In addition to the effects of severe stress, we investigated whether repeated mild stressors - that is, manageable challenges - can contribute to the development of resilience in the long term. This concept, often referred to as "stress inoculation," may provide important clues on how resilience can be actively promoted.
In the long term, this project aimed to link basic research with practical applications. By gaining a better understanding of the neural mechanisms of resilience, we seek to contribute to the development of new strategies to prevent or treat stress-related mental disorders. In perspective, these insights could help people cope better with stress in everyday life.
Beyond the scientific work, the project placed great emphasis on training early-career researchers and engaging in dialogue with the public. Through teaching activities, outreach initiatives and public communication, the research findings are made accessible and the societal relevance of neuroscience is highlighted.
Overall, this project contributes to a deeper understanding of how the brain enables resilience - with the goal of improving mental health and well-being in the long term.